In 1906–1907 works by Kustodiev were shown at the exhibitions of Russian art organized by S. P. Dyagilev in Paris and in Berlin. In 1907 Kustodiev was awarded big gold medal for the portrait of V. V. Mate at the art exhibition in Venice. In 1909 the painter was elected academician, in 1912 — member of the Council of the IAKh. Kustodiev was occasionally engaged in teaching, in particular in 1910 he gave lessons in painting in the E. S. Zarudnaya-Kavos School of painting and drawing, in 1913 — in the New Art workshop. In 1913 he was invited by A. V. Shchusev to design of the Kazansky railway station in Moscow, in particular he drew sketches of decorative panels and plafond for the restaurant (not realized).

Since 1911 Kustodiev worked as a scene-designer. He collaborated with the private K. N. Nezlobin’s Theatre and the Studio of Moscow Art Theatre (MKhT), created scene and costume design for the performances The Ardent Heart by A. N. Ostrovsky (1911), The Death of Pazukhin by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Kustodiev often travelled through Russia and Europe. In 1900–1915 the artist worked in the village of Semenovskoye in Kostroma province. In 1911–1912 Kustodiev left Russia in order to receive treatment in Switzerland (Leysin). Since 1916 the artist experienced severe difficulties in creative work because of paralysis of the lower half of the body; however he did not leave painting.

After the revolution of 1917, Kustodiev took part in agitation design for celebrations in Petrograd. In 1920 the first personal exhibition of the artist was held in Petrograd House of Arts. In 1920 Kustodiev created scene and costume design for the play The Storm by A. N. Ostrovsky in the Second studio of Moscow Art Theatre (MKhAT); in 1925–1926 he created scene design for the production The Flea by E. I. Zamyatin in the Bolshoi Drama Theatre.

In 1923 Kustodiev joined the Association of the artists of Revolutionary Russia (AKhRR). In 1922 works by Kustodiev were shown at the First Russian Art exhibition in the Van Diemen gallery in Berlin, in 1924–1925 — at the exhibition of Russian art in New York (the artist created poster of the exhibition), in 1927 — at the first exhibition of the group Mir Iskusstva (“World of Art”) in the gallery Bernheim in Paris.

Posthumous exhibition of the painter were organized in 1928–1929 in the State Russian Museum (Leningrad), and in House of Scientists and the State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. The retrospective exhibition of Kustodiev were held in Leningrad–St. Petersburg (1947, 1952, 1959, 1968, 1978, 2003), Kiev (1960), Moscow (1960, 1968, 1969, 1978, 1979, 2004), Astrakhan (1968, 1978, 2003), Kostroma (1978), Nizhny Novgorod (2004), and Saratov (2005).

Boris Kustodiev is an outstanding Russian artist of the first third of the 20th century. A. N. Benois noticed that “real Kustodiev’s art is always Russian fair, motley kaleidoscope, bright chintz, barbarous fight of colours, and Russian village with its accordions, gingerbreads, dressed up peasant girls and dashing boys”. Actually, the subjects of the most characteristic and famous paintings by the artist were fairs, city and country celebrations, taverns, merchant women, whom Kustodiev depicted with some good humour. In these paintings reality was closely interwoven with imagination. The artist’s genre works are characterized by monumentality, ornamentality, deliberate bright colours and even crudeness of colour combinations. Kustodiev did not leave this manner of painting after revolution; he varied many motifs from early works in his late ones. His portraits, on the contrary, were painted in another style characterized by fine restrained colours. Kustodiev had a reputation of talented master of drawing with excellent drawing skills. The best artist’s drawings were often created in one breath.

Works by Boris Kustodiev are in many museum and private collections, including the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum, Kiev Museum of Russian Art and others.