In 1932 returned to Russia; lived in Moscow and Leningrad. Wrote the fantastic scenery, and fabulous symbolic compositions and portraits. Author of painting works: "the Pirate" (1948), "Paradise", "the Girl and the bandit" (both — 1950-е), "Pygmalion and Galatea" (1960); series of works on the theme of the circus (1930-е) and others. Works 1930-60-х close to the aesthetics of primitive art: for them is characterized by accentuated theatricality, the brightness of color, the inclusion in the composition of exotic motifs, stylized in the spirit of Oriental art. The artist resorted to complex classical multilayer technique of painting with glazes.

To earn money he worked as an artist-реставратором in the Association "Vsekohudozhnik", Museum of political prisoners in Moscow, a restorer in the Hermitage, an artist at the Mint in Leningrad. Was engaged in illustrating children's books.

In 1934 he was arrested for anti-Soviet propaganda, was sentenced to five years penal-трудовых works and sent to serve his sentence in Pyatigorsk; there designed the sanatorium of the NKVD.

At the beginning of the great Patriotic war called up for military service, but as "nesterovic" aims to work as a painter of propaganda station in Kovrov.

In 1948 he moved to Saratov. He taught drawing at the Department of architecture of Institute of Road traffic.

he was Buried at resurrection cemetery in Saratov.

the mammoth Work devoted to the monograph И. Г. Деветьяровой "Nikolai Mamontov: a sketch of the life and work of the artist, 1898-1964" (Omsk, 1998).

In 2008 at the Tretyakov gallery held a retrospective exhibition of his work "dreams of the pilgrims".

the Works are in many Museum collections, including in Omsk a regional Museum of fine arts. М. А. Врубеля, Saratov art Museum im. А. Н. Радищева that Art gallery. К. С. Петрова-Водкина in sci.